Past Perfect

Tips for Past Perfect Past Perfect Verb Conjugation The Past Perfect is formed this way: Subject + had + past participle. The conjugation is fairly simple. Only the subject changes. Here are some examples of past perfect tense verbs with I, you, he/she/it, they and we. 1. I had talked. I had walked. I had danced. I had eaten. 2. You had talked. You had walked. You had danced. You had eaten. 3. She/He/It had talked. She/He/It had walked. She/He/It had danced. She/He/It had eaten. 4. They had talked. They had walked. They had danced. They had eaten. 5. We had talked. We had walked. We had danced. We had eaten. ESL cloze exercises can be used for Past Perfect lesson plans for verb conjugation. Past Perfect Verb Form (five forms the ESL student must learn) 1. Affirmative Usage (e.g., She had studied simple tenses before she studied the Past Perfect.) 2. Negative Usage (e.g., She had left by the time I arrived at the party.) 3. Yes/No Questions (e.g., Had she played tennis before?) 4. Short Answers (e.g., Yes, she had. No, she hadn't.) 5. WH- Questions (e.g., When had she studied the Past Perfect Continuous?) Past Perfect Function The Past Perfect is used to talk about an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past. There will always be two past events or activities, or an event/activity and a particular time in the past. They don't both need to be included in the same sentence. Sometimes the other event/activity or time will be understood from the context of the conversation. Here are some examples: I had already gone to bed by the time you got home. She had studied English for six months before she left for the U.S. He had finished dessert before I even started my entrée. Her older brother had finished college before she started high school. You'll notice that the Simple Past is used in the second part of the sentences. These sentences could also be written without using the Past Perfect, like this: I went to bed before you got home. She studied English for six months before she left for the U.S. He finished dessert before I even started my entrée. Her older brother finished college before she started high school. Whenever "before" or "after" are used, the Past Perfect isn't necessary because the sequence of events is already clear. Some Past Perfect lesson plans ask the ESL student to take two past tense events and ask them to correctly write a sentence using the Past Perfect. ESL Student Challenges Past Perfect lesson plans focusing on verb conjugation can include cloze (fill-in-the-blanks) exercises. The challenge here will be using the correct past participle for irregular verbs. So if your focus is teaching ESL/EFL students the proper conjugation, it may be best to use regular verbs first. Overall, ESL students have trouble using this tense easily and effectively because they don't get enough practice using it and because they can get by without ever using it! With my private ESL students, I try to point out when they can use the Past Perfect to help reinforce the tense. Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: • I saw a movie yesterday. • I didn't see a play yesterday. • Last year, I traveled to Japan. • Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. • Did you have dinner last night? • She washed her car. • He didn't wash his car. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: • I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. • He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. • Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3 Duration in Past The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: • I lived in Brazil for two years. • Shauna studied Japanese for five years. • They sat at the beach all day. • They did not stay at the party the entire time. • We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. • A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: • I studied French when I was a child. • He played the violin. • He didn't play the piano. • Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? • She worked at the movie theater after school. • They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." Examples: • She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. • He didn't like tomatoes before. • Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? • People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses. Examples: • When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. • She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example: • I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: • You just called Debbie. • Did you just call Debbie? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Tom repaired the car. ACTIVE • The car was repaired by Tom. PASSIVE More About Active / Passive Forms Simple Present FORM [VERB] + s/es in third person Examples: • You speak English. • Do you speak English? • You do not speak English. Complete List of Simple Present Forms USE 1 Repeated Actions Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples: • I play tennis. • She does not play tennis. • Does he play tennis? • The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. • The train does not leave at 9 AM. • When does the train usually leave? • She always forgets her purse. • He never forgets his wallet. • Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. • Does the Sun circle the Earth? USE 2 Facts or Generalizations The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. Examples: • Cats like milk. • Birds do not like milk. • Do pigs like milk? • California is in America. • California is not in the United Kingdom. • Windows are made of glass. • Windows are not made of wood. • New York is a small city. IT IS NOT IMPORTANT THAT THIS FACT IS UNTRUE. USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples: • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. • When do we board the plane? • The party starts at 8 o'clock. • When does class begin tomorrow? USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. Examples: • I am here now. • She is not here now. • He needs help right now. • He does not need help now. • He has his passport in his hand. • Do you have your passport with you? ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: • You only speak English. • Do you only speak English? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Once a week, Tom cleans the car. ACTIVE • Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. PASSIVE

Prediksi SKL 2011 SMK

PREDIKSI STANDAR KOMPETENSI LULUSAN (SKL) Jenjang Pendidikan : SMK Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris Tahun Pelajaran : 2011 STANDAR KOMPETENSI LULUSAN (SKL) RUANG LINGKUP MATERI BENTUK TES 1. LISTENING (Mendengarkan) Siswa mampu memahami makna dalam wacana lisan interpersonal dan transaksional berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, pekerjaan dan keprofesian. • Menemukan pesan utama dan informasi rinci dalam teks lisan • Menemukan pernyataan lisan yang tepat sesuai gambar • Menemukan respon yang tepat dari pernyataan/pertanyaan berikut: - salam - perkenalan diri/orang lain - deskripsi benda, orang, situasi, proses - perbandingan dua atau lebih benda/orang/situasi - penanganan tamu/pelanggan secara langsung atau melalui telepon - imperative: perintah, permintaan, larangan, arahan - penawaran - persetujuan - pemesanan - saran - pendapat - nasehat - kemampuan - izin - kemungkinan - keharusan - kegiatan sehari-hari/sedang berlangsung/sudah lewat/yang akan datang/yang masih berlangsung sampai sekarang/berulang diwaktu lampau - cara berterimakasih - undangan - ucapan selamat Tertulis 2. SPEAKING (Berbicara) Siswa mampu mengungkapkan makna secara lisan dalam wacana interpersonal dan transaksional, secara formal maupun informal, dalam bentuk menyampaikan permintaan dan perintah yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, pekerjaan dan keprofesian. • Mengungkapkan buah pikiran secara lisan dalam bentuk: - Monolog: pidato, menceritakan kembali, menjawab pertanyaan bacaan, bercerita. - Dialog: menyangkut: *) Praktik 3. READING (Membaca) Siswa mampu memahami makna dalam wacana tulis interpersonal dan transaksional, secara formal maupun informal, dalam bentuk menyimak permintaan dan perintah yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, pekerjaan dan keprofesian. • Menemukan pesan utama, informasi rinci tersurat/tersirat, rujukan kata, sinonim, antonim, makna kata dari teks tertulis • Menemukan kata/frasa dalam sebuah teks tertulis/percakapan pendek yang tidak sesuai dengan tatabahasa atau konteks • Menentukan respon yang tepat dari pertanyaan/pernyataan menyangkut: *) Tertulis 4. WRITING (Menulis) Siswa mampu mengungkapkan makna secara tertulis dalam wacana interpersonal dan transaksional, secara formal maupun informal, dalam bentuk menyampaikan secara tertulis permintaan dan perintah yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, pekerjaan dan keprofesian. • Mengungkapkan buah pikiran secara tertulis dalam bentuk agenda memo, pidato, laporan singkat, surat bisnis/pribadi, iklan pendek • Menyusun kembali kalimat-kalimat acak menjadi teks percakapan atau paragraf yang benar • Membuat dialog berdasarkan situasi • Meringkas bacaan • Menjawab pertanyaan bacaan Praktik *) Pernyataan/pertanyaan menyangkut sama dengan SKL 1 SKL 1 dan 3 diujikan secara nasional